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Electronics is a branch of applied physics, dealing with the shaping and management of electrical signals, making it possible to transmit or receive information.

The electronics are often associated with the use of low voltages and electric currents. The small electrical quantities commonly used in electronic applications are partly explained by the fact that if information can be transmitted with little energy, there is little interest in transmitting it with much. By analogy, when two people want to exchange information, they could do so by talking loudly. However, if speaking at a normal volume is sufficient for the transmission of information, it is usually what they prefer to do, thus avoiding the constraints of speaking loudly. Note that there is a discipline called "power electronics", but this is actually a branch of electrical engineering and not electronics.

The beginnings of the applications of electronics are generally dated to the invention of the electronic tube in 1904, the ancestor of the transistor. The latter currently composes most of the mainstream processors.

Due to the success of electronic devices and their impact on everyday life, the general public sometimes combines electronics with cybernetics (computer science) or computer science.

The adjective "electronics" is also used to refer to what relates to electrons.

Electronics is a technical science, or science of the engineer, constituting one of the most important branches of applied physics, which studies and designs structures that process electrical signals, that is to say Currents or electrical voltages, carrying information.

In this definition, the notion of information is considered in the broadest sense: it refers to any size (physical, such as temperature, sound or velocity, or abstract, such as an image, a code, etc.) Real time according to a law unknown in advance, or more often provided for this purpose (calculation of Boolean equations).

Like all automation systems, electronic systems are often designed in two parts:

One, operative, manages power-bearing power signals (strong currents);

The other, informational, manages information-bearing signals (weak currents).

In conventional electronic systems dealing with the monitoring of bi-directional information performance tools, it is encoded by electrical voltages or currents. Electronic applications can be divided into two distinct groups: information processing and ordering. The first covers areas such as computing, telecommunications, measurement, while the latter deals with information management (it gives orders, so to speak), such as microprocessors, PICs, Still stepper motors.

The purpose of control applications is to control the operation of a natural or technical system. A control generally involves measuring one or more controlled parameters, comparing it with the model or the desired value and, in the event of an error, generating a correction setpoint (the basis for many systems Electronic devices). Thus, a control can be seen as a succession of signal processing operations: this refers to the general definition given above.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, as electrical potential has been discovered, electronic components and applications have emerged (sometimes without the possibility of immediate application or industrial manufacture, these discoveries will only be used more Late). The invention of the transistor and then of the integrated circuit triggers an enthusiasm for electronic innovation in the early 1960s.

The growth of electronics was achieved by two simultaneous inputs:

The reduction of the size of the elementary components used (transistors and other similar structures) allowing an increasingly efficient integration, which considerably increased the power and the field of action of the functions performed.

The progressive sophistication of the methods and principles used (signal processing, initially essentially analogue, then digital, or even in the form of software integrated into the components).

The practical consequences have been, in particular, the integration of increasingly complex and efficient electronic functions in most of the technical fields (industrial, scientific, etc.) and objects of everyday life.